Purpose: Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV compounds, exhibits least oral bioavailability, low solubility and intestinal permeability among all pharmaceutical classes of drugs. Thus, these drugs need more compatible and efficient delivery system. Since, their solubility in various medium, remains a limitation so, polymeric nano coacervates based drug loading with modified approach for them may prove to be a solution ahead. Therefore, in present study Chitosan is opted for encapsulating the BCS class IV drug (Hydrochlorothiazide) to attain better stability, enhanced permeability and lower toxicity. Methods: For this study, Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was opted for formulating chitosan based nano-coacervate system. Results: Optimized HCTZ nanocoacervates exhibited the average particle size of 91. 39 ± 0. 75 nm with Poly-dispersity index score of 0. 159 ± 0. 01, indicating homogeneity of colloidal solution. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of HCTZ nanocoacervates were recorded as-18. 9 ± 0. 8 mV and 76. 69 ± 0. 82 % respectively. Further, from TEM and SEM evaluation the average particle size for the same were found in conformity (35-50 nm), with almost spherical morphology. Also, the EDX (Electron Dispersive X-ray) spectrometry and FT – IR analysis of optimized formulation indicated the balanced chemical composition and interaction between the polymeric molecules. The HCTZ nano coacervates showed the linear diffusion profile through the dialysis membrane. Conclusion: We can conclude from the present study that the optimized HCTZ nano coacervates may prove to be a suitable potential option for effective delivery of BCS class IV drugs.

Currently, carbon Quantum dots have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties and desirable advantages. High crystallinity, water solubility, good dispersibility, small size, low toxicity, inexpensive raw materials, high chemical stability, environmental compatibility, low cost, stability under light, desirable charge transfer with advanced electronic conductivity, as well as specific thermal and mechanical properties are some of these features. Carbon Quantum dots have various applications in different fields. Fabrication of precise chemical and biological sensors, bioimaging, solar cells, drug tracking, nanomedicine, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and electrocatalysts are some of these applications. Biological sensors based on carbon Quantum dots are capable of detecting various metal ions, acids, proteins, biotin, polypeptides, DNA and miRNA, water pollutants, hematin, drugs, vitamins, and other chemicals. In the present study, the properties of carbon Quantum dots and some of their fabrication and applications methods have been addressed. In continuation of the paper, the effect of carbon Quantum dots on important factors in plants such as growth and development, photosynthesis, absorption and transportation of substances, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as their application in agriculture has been investigated.

The  rst leap Zagreb index LM1 of a (molecular) graph, is the sum of squares of the second degrees of vertices (number of their second neighbors), and the second leap Zagreb index LM2 is the sum of the products of the second degrees of pairs of adjacent vertices, and the third leap Zagreb index LM3 is the sum of the product of the degree and second degree of the vertices. In this paper, we determine the  rst, second and third leap Zagreb indices of some graph operations.

In a graph G, the  rst and second degrees of a vertex v are equal to the number of their  rst and second neighbors and are denoted by d(v=G) and d2(v=G), respectively. The  rst, second and third leap Zagreb indices are the sum of squares of second degrees of vertices of G, the sum of products of second degrees of pairs of adjacent vertices in G and the sum of products of  rst and second degrees of vertices of G, respectively. In this paper, we initiate in studying a new class of graphs depending on the relationship between  rst and second degrees of vertices and is so-called a leap graph. Some properties of the leap graphs are presented. All leap trees and fC3; C4gfree leap graphs are characterized.

In the last years, Naji et al. have introduced leap Zagreb indices conceived depending on the second degrees of vertices, where the second degree of a vertex $v$ in a graph $G$ is equal to the number of its second neighbors and denoted by $d_2(v/G)$.  Analogously, the leap Zagreb coindices were introduced by Ferdose and Shivashankara. The first leap Zagreb coindex of a graph is defined as  $\overline{L_1}(G)=\sum_{uv\not\in E_2(G)}(d_2(u)+d_2(v))$, where $E_2(G)$ is the 2-distance (second) edge set of $G$, In this paper, we present explicit exact expressions for the first leap Zagreb coindex $\overline{L_1}(G)$ of some graph operations.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising and effective approach in cancer treatment by stimulating the body’s immune system to target and eliminate malignant cells. Despite its significant therapeutic potential, several challenges remain, including accurate patient selection, identification of appropriate therapeutic targets, and the minimization of adverse effects. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a critical role in addressing these challenges by analyzing complex genomic, proteomic, and clinical datasets. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms can accurately identify patients likely to respond to immunotherapy, enabling the development of personalized treatment plans while avoiding unnecessary interventions in low-response individuals. A key application of AI is predicting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4. By integrating medical imaging and genomic data, AI models can forecast treatment outcomes, enhance diagnostic precision, and reduce healthcare costs. Furthermore, AI is increasingly used in drug development, where it simulates novel molecular structures and predicts their therapeutic efficacy, thereby accelerating drug discovery and lowering development expenses. AI also contributes to identifying and managing side effects, improving the safety profile of immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the implementation of AI in oncology is not without limitations. These include the need for high-quality, annotated datasets, algorithmic interpretability, and ethical concerns such as data privacy, algorithm transparency, and psychological impacts of extensive genetic testing, excessive diagnostic testing, potential treatment discrimination, and unclear legal responsibilities. This article concludes that with robust data infrastructure and the advancement of interpretable AI models, the full potential of AI in cancer immunotherapy can be realized. This synergy promises a major leap toward precision medicine and a brighter future in cancer care.

In Chemical Graph Theory, several degree-based topological indices were introduced and studied since 1947. Some of these have important applications in chemistry while some only have nice mathematical properties. In this paper, we introduce the Nirmala leap index and modified Nirmala leap index, and their polynomials and compute these indices for some important nanostructures which appeared in nanoscience, especially used as a treatment alternative against Covid-19 in many countries.

In December 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared and spread worldwide, triggering a pandemic of respiratory illness. So, there was an urgent need for vaccines worldwide. The mRNA-based vaccines are undergoing an accelerated phase of development during this pandemic. WHO has issued interim guidelines for administering the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19 based on advice given by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). The significant future directions for study would be comparing and elucidating the immune processes triggered by mRNA vaccine platforms, developing existing methods focused on these mechanisms, and introducing new clinical trials of these vaccines against additional disease targets. This study aims to reveal the important role and contribution of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine to COVID-19 vaccinology. Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine could be the keystone of modern vaccinology in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Theological, religious, and mystical ideas and topics in Masnavi are mainly presented through anecdotes and stories, where mutual concepts such as effort and trust, poverty and wealth, determinism and free will, and reason and love, which are also controversial in theological discussions, are the subject of storytelling. Sometimes, the ending and conclusion of the story conflict with the discourse logic of the story, and that is when the discourse logic of one of the interlocutors, who happens to be the opposite character of the hero of the story, seems correct or more correct in terms of reason, custom, social, and even religion, and the story encounters a dialogue deadlock. In such a situation, by introducing the metaphysical issue, Rumi directs the conversation to another discourse paradigm, contrary to the reasonable and logical process. Albert Camus calls this departure and appeal to the supernatural "leap". This research, through the descriptive-analytical method and based on the opinion of Camus and the philosophical views of Kierkegaard, analyzed the stories "The King and the Maid", "The Lion and the Rabbit", and "The One Who Prayed in the Days of David to Give Me a Day Without Suffering". The results of the study show that in all three stories, Rumi takes the story out of the discursive impasse by introducing a metaphysical matter such as action based on inspiration and revelation in solitude and altar and the coming of a divine element. This leap, through the mediation of symbolization as a matter of completeness, justifies its decoding and religious and mystical interpretations and issues a definitive opinion.This research, in a descriptive-analytical method, based on the opinion of Camus and the philosophical views of Kierkegaard are analyzed the stories"The King and the Maid", "The Lion and the Animals" and "The one who prayed for a in the livelihood without effort". The result of the study shows that in all three stories, Maulvi takes the story out of the discursive impasse by introducing a metaphysical matter such as inspiration and revelation and other divine elements.